Mdadm is the modern tool most Linux distributions use these days to manage software RAID arrays; in the past raid tools was the tool we have used for this. This post will show the most common usages of mdadm to manage software raid arrays; it assumes you have a good understanding of software RAID and Linux in general, and it will just explain the commands line usage of mdadm. The examples bellow use RAID1, but they can be adapted for any RAID level the Linux kernel driver supports.
1. Create a new RAID array
Create (mdadm –create) is used to create a new array:
mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=1 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb2
or using the compact notation:
mdadm -Cv /dev/md0 -l1 -n2 /dev/sd[ab]1
2. /etc/mdadm.conf
/etc/mdadm.conf or /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf (on debian) is the main configuration file for mdadm. After we create our RAID arrays we add them to this file using:
mdadm --detail --scan >> /etc/mdadm.conf
or on debian
mdadm --detail --scan >> /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
3. Remove a disk from an array
We can’t remove a disk directly from the array, unless it is failed, so we first have to fail it (if the drive it is failed this is normally already in failed state and this step is not needed):
mdadm --fail /dev/md0 /dev/sda1
and now we can remove it:
mdadm --remove /dev/md0 /dev/sda1
This can be done in a single step using:
mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sda1 --remove /dev/sda1
4. Add a disk to an existing array
We can add a new disk to an array (replacing a failed one probably):
mdadm --add /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1
5. Verifying the status of the RAID arrays
We can check the status of the arrays on the system with:
cat /proc/mdstat
or
mdadm --detail /dev/md0
The output of this command will look like:
cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1]
md0 : active raid1 sdb1[1] sda1[0]
104320 blocks [2/2] [UU]
md1 : active raid1 sdb3[1] sda3[0]
19542976 blocks [2/2] [UU]
md2 : active raid1 sdb4[1] sda4[0]
223504192 blocks [2/2] [UU]
here we can see both drives are used and working fine – U. A failed drive will show as F, while a degraded array will miss the second disk -
Note: while monitoring the status of a RAID rebuild operation using watch can be useful:
watch cat /proc/mdstat
6. Stop and delete a RAID array
If we want to completely remove a raid array we have to stop if first and then remove it:
mdadm --stop /dev/md0
mdadm --remove /dev/md0
and finally we can even delete the superblock from the individual drives:
mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sda
Finally in using RAID1 arrays, where we create identical partitions on both drives this can be useful to copy the partitions from sda to sdb:
sfdisk -d /dev/sda | sfdisk /dev/sdb
(this will dump the partition table of sda, removing completely the existing partitions on sdb, so be sure you want this before running this command, as it will not warn you at all).
There are many other usages of mdadm particular for each type of RAID level, and I would recommend to use the manual page (man mdadm) or the help (mdadm –help) if you need more details on its usage. Hopefully these quick examples will put you on the fast track with how mdadm works.
